Outcomes for People in Disorders of Consciousness

In this video, Joseph Giacino, PhD, challenges common misconceptions about recovery after severe brain injury and prolonged disorders of consciousness.

Dr. Giacino explains that early lack of responsiveness does not predict poor long‑term outcomes. Drawing on long‑term research, he describes how recovery can occur months or even years after injury—and that about one in five people with prolonged disorders of consciousness ultimately regain functional independence.

The video also highlights a critical finding from recent studies: recovery trajectories are not fixed. Many individuals continue to improve—or decline—well beyond the first year, underscoring the need for long‑term follow‑up, ongoing care, and better understanding of what drives recovery over time.

The content of this video is based on research and/or professional consensus. This content has been reviewed and approved by experts from the Traumatic Brain Injury Model System (TBIMS) centers, funded by the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research, as well as experts from the Polytrauma Rehabilitation Centers (PRCs), with funding from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. The content of the video has also been reviewed by individuals with TBI and/or their family members. 

Disclaimer: This information is not meant to replace the advice of a medical professional. You should consult your health care provider about specific medical concerns or treatment. The contents of this video were developed under a grant from the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR grant number 90DPKT0009). NIDILRR is a Center within the Administration for Community Living (ACL), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The contents of this video do not necessarily represent the policy of NIDILRR, ACL, or HHS, and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government.

Copyright © 2026 Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center (MSKTC). May be reproduced and distributed freely with appropriate attribution. Prior permission must be obtained for inclusion in fee-based materials.